4 分钟
Flask
一、Flask介绍
1、简介
Flask 官方称是一个“微”框架。内核微小,orm、表单验证、权限身份验证本身不提供。可以通过插件方式添加。
2、HelloWorld
创建hello.py
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def index():
return 'Index Page'
运行
pip install flask
export FLASK_APP=hello.py
flask run
二、部分文档
1、最小化应用
代码参见上面:
- 安装flask包
- 引入flask
- 创建一个对象
- 编写函数并使用装饰器注解
运行使用
flask命令,一些选项通过环境变量设置
2、debug模式
方式1:export FLASK_ENV=development
- 激活调试器
- 使能自动加载器(当文件发生变化时)
- 开启debug模式(显示异常堆栈)
方式2:FLASK_DEBUG=1
- 仅开启debug模式(显示异常堆栈)
3、路由
(1)普通方式
@app.route('/')
def index():
return 'Index Page'
@app.route('/hello')
def hello():
return 'Hello, World'
(2)路径参数
@app.route('/user/<username>')
def show_user_profile(username):
# show the user profile for that user
return 'User %s' % username
@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
def show_post(post_id):
# show the post with the given id, the id is an integer
return 'Post %d' % post_id
@app.route('/path/<path:subpath>')
def show_subpath(subpath):
# show the subpath after /path/
return 'Subpath %s' % subpath
将url中的内容提取称变量传递到参数中,支持类型为:
- string (default) accepts any text without a slash
- int accepts positive integers
- float accepts positive floating point values
- path like string but also accepts slashes
- uuid accepts UUID strings
(3)末尾/
的行为
@app.route('/projects/')
def projects():
return 'The project page'
@app.route('/about')
def about():
return 'The about page'
末尾为/
的行为
- 不以
/
自动重定向到带/
的路径
末尾不以/
结尾的行为
- 访问带
/
的路径将404
(4)url构建
为了和url解耦,flask实现一个函数url_for(name, ...)
,根据函数名来获取url路径
- 第一个参数为函数名
- 剩下参数可变,用来填充路径参数
例子
from flask import Flask, url_for
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def index():
return 'index'
@app.route('/login')
def login():
return 'login'
@app.route('/user/<username>')
def profile(username):
return '{}\'s profile'.format(username)
with app.test_request_context():
print(url_for('index'))
print(url_for('login'))
print(url_for('login', next='/'))
print(url_for('profile', username='John Doe'))
# 输出
# /
# /login
# /login?next=/
# /user/John%20Doe
(5)HTTP方法匹配
from flask import request
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
if request.method == 'POST':
return do_the_login()
else:
return show_the_login_form()
自动生成option
4、静态文件
在启动脚本所在包创建/static
目录用来存放静态文件如js、css等
url_for
第一个参数为"static"
即为生成静态文件目录
5、渲染模板
flask默认的模板引擎为Jinja2
from flask import render_template
@app.route('/hello/')
@app.route('/hello/<name>')
def hello(name=None):
return render_template('hello.html', name=name)
flask将会在模块或包的根目录查找路径如
/application.py
/templates
/hello.html
/application
/__init__.py
/templates
/hello.html
6、获取请求数据
很诡异的是flash将request 放在了 ThreadLocal里
(1)request 对象的使用
首先要引入request
from flask import request
然后皆就可以直接使用了
@app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
def login():
error = None
if request.method == 'POST':
if valid_login(request.form['username'],
request.form['password']):
return log_the_user_in(request.form['username'])
else:
error = 'Invalid username/password'
# the code below is executed if the request method
# was GET or the credentials were invalid
return render_template('login.html', error=error)
获取url参数(get参数或者说查询)
searchword = request.args.get('key', '')
详细参见api文档
(2)文件上传
from flask import request
@app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def upload_file():
if request.method == 'POST':
f = request.files['the_file']
f.save('/var/www/uploads/uploaded_file.txt')
...
安全文件名
from flask import request
from werkzeug.utils import secure_filename
@app.route('/upload', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def upload_file():
if request.method == 'POST':
f = request.files['the_file']
f.save('/var/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename))
(3)Cookies
@app.route('/')
def index():
username = request.cookies.get('username')
# use cookies.get(key) instead of cookies[key] to not get a
# KeyError if the cookie is missing.
设置cookies
@app.route('/')
def index():
resp = make_response(render_template(...))
resp.set_cookie('username', 'the username')
return resp
(4)重定向和错误
from flask import abort, redirect, url_for
@app.route('/')
def index():
return redirect(url_for('login'))
@app.route('/login')
def login():
abort(401)
this_is_never_executed()
异常返回定制
from flask import render_template
@app.errorhandler(404)
def page_not_found(error):
return render_template('page_not_found.html'), 404
更多查看 异常处理
7、响应
- 如果返回的是响应对象,则直接从视图返回
- 如果返回的是字符串则用该数据和默认参数创建响应对象
- 如果返回时元组,则元组必须是
<响应, 状态, 头部>
或<响应, 状态>
- 否则假定返回对象是一个有效的WSGI程序,并将其转换为响应对象
例子:
@app.errorhandler(404)
def not_found(error):
return render_template('error.html'), 404
@app.errorhandler(404)
def not_found(error):
resp = make_response(render_template('error.html'), 404)
resp.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value'
return resp
8、session
使用Session必须设置一个密钥,这样用户就只能查看而不能修改
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request
app = Flask(__name__)
# Set the secret key to some random bytes. Keep this really secret!
app.secret_key = b'_5#y2L"F4Q8z\n\xec]/'
@app.route('/')
def index():
if 'username' in session:
return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username'])
return 'You are not logged in'
@app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def login():
if request.method == 'POST':
session['username'] = request.form['username']
return redirect(url_for('index'))
return '''
<form method="post">
<p><input type=text name=username>
<p><input type=submit value=Login>
</form>
'''
@app.route('/logout')
def logout():
# remove the username from the session if it's there
session.pop('username', None)
return redirect(url_for('index'))
类似于request,session也采用ThreadLocal的方式存储
更好的生成秘钥:python -c 'import os; print(os.urandom(16))'
其他
- Message Flashing
日志
app.logger.debug('A value for debugging') app.logger.warning('A warning occurred (%d apples)', 42) app.logger.error('An error occurred')
本质上调用的是python标准的日志对象
嵌入WSGI中间件
from werkzeug.contrib.fixers import LighttpdCGIRootFix app.wsgi_app = LighttpdCGIRootFix(app.wsgi_app)
三、flask-login session解密
https://www.cnblogs.com/shengulong/p/7488226.html
from itsdangerous import URLSafeTimedSerializer
from flask.sessions import TaggedJSONSerializer
import hashlib
s=URLSafeTimedSerializer('some_random_key','cookie-session',serializer=TaggedJSONSerializer(),signer_kwargs={'key_derivation':'hmac','digest_method':hashlib.sha1})
result = s.loads('.eJytkkFv4jAQhf_KymcOxLSHReohUVg30noiUBLvuEIoCSmOY1OJQAmu-O91aFW19z1ZGr_3ed6M38jm2ZS9anoyf3ojv44fR0XmpBT3tjo_PJDr5LOSs8HgPzAJG14lNafkcfWasD8aaeHqSzQtmXHJY6QkzU_kur75vgHrWfEh_QEV4neQMKW2Nt-hLUzVRn1Ft3splrtS3P0fUDUrpn93o3p9XU_Ipt2S-adNxvWU6y6QejcDhxRdSNNMae4iAywPOC06sPkAMZ65Tc7goOVaGdDhkGboQNcUdH4GVhi0iwu62teV5QwHtHgBtwhQJ05afpeKlfW6FrPIooXWt2mlxgEcD0Ag5Y77HgrLM6-OO8rZksqY3_MsUjxejmFJ3R-eN8eXrtl_RQANejSj4xTFYpA66vxTOo3DAV2hUx9DarCoPdYZhWPc8DY70vbh1raedTycmgk59c3hi7sUq6NfwU03XuxL24wf42a4vgOsyrm7.DJDfoQ.lPf6Vla0QXeI1yOYs0riql1Lywk')
print '破解后:',result